Update the base image for ci-build's Dockerfile (#2674)

## Motivation and Context
~~**The PR will be a draft until
https://github.com/awslabs/smithy-rs/pull/2675 is merged into `main`.
Once that's merged, this PR can remove the change to `Cargo.toml` in
`aws-smithy-client`.**~~

**Now that it's passed tests in CI, ysaito1001 will merge this PR once
it has passed the internal tests**

Fixes https://github.com/awslabs/smithy-rs/issues/2500.

## Description
This PR updates the base image for ci-build's Dockerfile as the latest
image for [amazonlinux](https://gallery.ecr.aws/amazonlinux/amazonlinux)
has been updated to 2023.

As part of it, the changes to Dockerfile include
- Fixing conflicting curl's libraries by specifying `--allowerasing`
Without it, we'd get an error as follows:
```
package curl-minimal-7.88.1-1.amzn2023.0.1.x86_64 conflicts with curl provided by curl-7.87.0-2.amzn2023.0.2.x86_64
```
- Adding perl explicitly as a new version of openssl now requires it
Without `perl`, we'd get an error as follows:
```
Step 24/48 : RUN cargo +${rust_nightly_version} -Z sparse-registry install cargo-deny --locked --version ${cargo_deny_version}
 ---> Running in 3c3431881cfa
...
error: failed to run custom build command for `openssl-sys v0.9.76`
...
  --- stderr
  Can't locate FindBin.pm in @INC (you may need to install the FindBin module) (@INC contains: /usr/local/lib64/perl5/5.32 /usr/local/share/perl5/5.32 /usr/lib64/perl5/vendor_perl /usr/share/perl5/vendor_perl /usr/lib64/perl5 /usr/share/perl5) at ./Configure line 15.
  BEGIN failed--compilation aborted at ./Configure line 15.
  thread 'main' panicked at '
```

Also, there is a change to `Cargo.toml` in `aws-smithy-client`:
- Forcing `aws-smithy-client` with `native-tls` feature to use a more
recent `openssl-sys` crate
Without it, `cargo minimal-versions check` would fail in
`aws-smithy-client` trying to build `openssl-sys` v0.9.39 where OpenSSL
in a container is more up-to-date, leading to a build failure (See [this
issue](https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl/issues/1724) for more
details)

Finally, updating CI for `Run Tests on Windows`
- Manually installing `openssl` as
[suggested](https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl/issues/1542#issuecomment-1399358351).
Without it, after introducing a more recent `openssl` 0.10.52
`dev-dependencies` in `aws-smithy-client`, we'd get this on Windows:
```
  --- stderr
  thread 'main' panicked at '

  Could not find directory of OpenSSL installation, and this `-sys` crate cannot
  proceed without this knowledge. If OpenSSL is installed and this crate had
  trouble finding it,  you can set the `OPENSSL_DIR` environment variable for the
  compilation process.

  Make sure you also have the development packages of openssl installed.
  For example, `libssl-dev` on Ubuntu or `openssl-devel` on Fedora.

  If you're in a situation where you think the directory *should* be found
  automatically, please open a bug at https://github.com/sfackler/rust-openssl


  and include information about your system as well as this message.

  $HOST = x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
  $TARGET = x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
  openssl-sys = 0.9.90
```

----

_By submitting this pull request, I confirm that you can use, modify,
copy, and redistribute this contribution, under the terms of your
choice._

---------

Co-authored-by: Yuki Saito <awsaito@amazon.com>
Co-authored-by: Zelda Hessler <zhessler@amazon.com>